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Internacional – 17/Dic/2021
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Cuando se piensa en las terapias que existen contra el cáncer, es común que vengan a la cabeza las dos más extendidas: la quimioterapia y la radioterapia. Sin embargo, existen muchas otras distintas menos conocidas, que pueden tener ventajas únicas pero que, frecuentemente, no están libres de efectos secundarios.
Un ejemplo de esto es la terapia fotodinámica, un procedimiento poco invasivo en uso desde los años 70 y que consiste, en esencia, en la inserción de una sustancia reactiva a la luz en el interior de las células cancerígenas y en la posterior activación de esa reacción química aplicando luz. Esta línea de tratamiento es particularmente aplicable sobre cáncer de piel y tumores superficiales muy accesibles.
Pues bien, desde hacía un tiempo, se sabía que los pacientes tratados con esta estrategia experimentaban un extraño efecto secundario: una mejora de su visión en la oscuridad. Sin embargo, los motivos por los que esto ocurría continuaban siendo un misterio.
Según explican, la clave está en la interacción entre una sustancia fotosensible y análoga de la clorofila (que permite a las plantas aprovechar la energía de la luz del sol) llamada clorina e6, empleada en esta forma de terapia, y la rodopsina, una proteína sensible a la luz presente en nuestra retina.
Este hallazgo es útil por varias razones. Por una parte, puede ser la base para desarrollar métodos que impidan que suceda en pacientes de cáncer tratados con terapia fotodinámica (aunque pueda parecer deseable a priori, muchos de los afectados han reportado varios problemas de sueño e ilusiones como ver siluetas).
Por otra, explican los autores del trabajo, podría emplearse este fenómeno para tratar determinadas formas de ceguera o, por el contrario, de sensibilidad excesiva a la luz. De hecho, incluso, un equipo de investigadores trató de usar esta sustancia para otorgar a un sujeto una sobrehumana visión nocturna.
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